Nobel Laureates

Nobel Laureates

Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.

Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.

In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 8,402,670 SEK in December 2017. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9,000,000 SEK.

The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death.

In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.

The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.

YearPhysicsChemistryPhysiology
or Medicine
LiteraturePeaceEconomics
1901Wilhelm RöntgenJacobus Henricus van 't HoffEmil Adolf von BehringSully PrudhommeHenry Dunant;
Frédéric Passy
(prize not established)
1902Hendrik Lorentz;
Pieter Zeeman
Hermann Emil FischerRonald RossTheodor MommsenÉlie Ducommun;
Charles Albert Gobat
1903Henri Becquerel;
Pierre Curie;
Marie Curie
Svante ArrheniusNiels Ryberg FinsenBjørnstjerne BjørnsonRandal Cremer
1904Lord RayleighWilliam RamsayIvan PavlovFrédéric Mistral;
José Echegaray
Institut de Droit International
1905Philipp LenardAdolf von BaeyerRobert KochHenryk SienkiewiczBertha von Suttner
1906J. J. ThomsonHenri MoissanCamillo Golgi;
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Giosuè CarducciTheodore Roosevelt
1907Albert Abraham MichelsonEduard BuchnerCharles Louis Alphonse LaveranRudyard KiplingErnesto Teodoro Moneta;
Louis Renault
1908Gabriel LippmannErnest RutherfordÉlie Metchnikoff;
Paul Ehrlich
Rudolf Christoph EuckenKlas Pontus Arnoldson;
Fredrik Bajer
1909Karl Ferdinand Braun;
Guglielmo Marconi
Wilhelm OstwaldEmil Theodor KocherSelma LagerlöfAuguste Marie François Beernaert;
Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant
1910Johannes Diderik van der WaalsOtto WallachAlbrecht KosselPaul HeyseInternational Peace Bureau
1911Wilhelm WienMarie Skłodowska-CurieAllvar GullstrandMaurice MaeterlinckTobias Asser;
Alfred Hermann Fried
1912Gustaf DalénVictor Grignard;
Paul Sabatier
Alexis CarrelGerhart HauptmannElihu Root
1913Heike Kamerlingh OnnesAlfred WernerCharles RichetRabindranath TagoreHenri La Fontaine
1914Max von LaueTheodore William RichardsRobert BárányNoneNone
1915William Henry Bragg;
William Lawrence Bragg
Richard WillstätterNoneRomain RollandNone
1916NoneNoneNoneVerner von HeidenstamNone
1917Charles Glover BarklaNoneNoneKarl Adolph Gjellerup;
Henrik Pontoppidan
International Committee of the Red Cross
1918Max PlanckFritz HaberNoneNoneNone
1919Johannes StarkNoneJules BordetCarl SpittelerWoodrow Wilson
1920Charles Édouard GuillaumeWalther NernstAugust KroghKnut HamsunLéon Bourgeois
1921Albert EinsteinFrederick SoddyNoneAnatole FranceHjalmar Branting;
Christian Lous Lange
1922Niels BohrFrancis William AstonArchibald Hill;
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Jacinto BenaventeFridtjof Nansen
1923Robert Andrews MillikanFritz PreglFrederick Banting;
John James Rickard Macleod
W. B. YeatsNone
1924Manne SiegbahnNoneWillem EinthovenWładysław ReymontNone
1925James Franck;
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Richard Adolf ZsigmondyNoneGeorge Bernard ShawAusten Chamberlain;
Charles G. Dawes
1926Jean Baptiste PerrinTheodor SvedbergJohannes FibigerGrazia DeleddaAristide Briand;
Gustav Stresemann
1927Arthur Compton;
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Heinrich Otto WielandJulius Wagner-JaureggHenri BergsonFerdinand Buisson;
Ludwig Quidde
1928Owen Willans RichardsonAdolf Otto Reinhold WindausCharles NicolleSigrid UndsetNone
1929Louis de BroglieArthur Harden;
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Christiaan Eijkman;
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Thomas MannFrank B. Kellogg
1930C. V. RamanHans FischerKarl LandsteinerSinclair LewisNathan Söderblom
1931NoneCarl Bosch;
Friedrich Bergius
Otto Heinrich WarburgErik Axel KarlfeldtJane Addams;
Nicholas Murray Butler
1932Werner HeisenbergIrving LangmuirCharles Scott Sherrington;
Edgar Adrian
John GalsworthyNone
1933Erwin Schrödinger;
Paul Dirac
NoneThomas Hunt MorganIvan BuninNorman Angell
1934NoneHarold UreyGeorge Whipple;
George Minot;
William P. Murphy
Luigi PirandelloArthur Henderson
1935James ChadwickFrédéric Joliot-Curie;
Irène Joliot-Curie
Hans SpemannNoneCarl von Ossietzky
1936Victor Francis Hess;
Carl David Anderson
Peter DebyeHenry Hallett Dale;
Otto Loewi
Eugene O'NeillCarlos Saavedra Lamas
1937Clinton Davisson;
George Paget Thomson
Norman Haworth;
Paul Karrer
Albert Szent-GyörgyiRoger Martin du GardThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938Enrico FermiRichard Kuhn[a]Corneille HeymansPearl S. BuckNansen International Office For Refugees
1939Ernest LawrenceAdolf Butenandt;[a]
Leopold Ružička
Gerhard Domagk[a]Frans Eemil SillanpääNone
1940Cancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War II
1941Cancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War II
1942Cancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War IICancelled due to World War II
1943Otto SternGeorge de HevesyHenrik Dam;
Edward Adelbert Doisy
NoneNone
1944Isidor Isaac RabiOtto HahnJoseph Erlanger;
Herbert Spencer Gasser
Johannes Vilhelm JensenInternational Committee of the Red Cross
1945Wolfgang PauliArtturi Ilmari VirtanenAlexander Fleming;
Ernst Boris Chain;
Howard Florey
Gabriela MistralCordell Hull
1946Percy Williams BridgmanJames B. Sumner;
John Howard Northrop;
Wendell Meredith Stanley
Hermann Joseph MullerHermann HesseEmily Greene Balch;
John Mott
1947Edward Victor AppletonRobert RobinsonCarl Ferdinand Cori;
Gerty Cori;
Bernardo Houssay
André GideFriends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee
1948Patrick BlackettArne TiseliusPaul Hermann MüllerT. S. EliotNone[b]
1949Hideki YukawaWilliam GiauqueWalter Rudolf Hess;
António Egas Moniz
William FaulknerJohn Boyd Orr
1950C. F. PowellOtto Diels;
Kurt Alder
Philip Showalter Hench;
Edward Calvin Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein
Bertrand RussellRalph Bunche
1951John Cockcroft;
Ernest Walton
Edwin McMillan;
Glenn T. Seaborg
Max TheilerPär LagerkvistLéon Jouhaux
1952Felix Bloch;
Edward Mills Purcell
Archer John Porter Martin;
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
Selman WaksmanFrançois MauriacAlbert Schweitzer
1953Frits ZernikeHermann StaudingerHans Adolf Krebs;
Fritz Albert Lipmann
Winston ChurchillGeorge Marshall
1954Max Born;
Walther Bothe
Linus PaulingJohn Franklin Enders;
Frederick Chapman Robbins;
Thomas Huckle Weller
Ernest HemingwayUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955Willis Lamb;
Polykarp Kusch
Vincent du VigneaudHugo TheorellHalldór LaxnessNone
1956John Bardeen;
Walter Houser Brattain;
William Shockley
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Nikolay Semyonov
André Frédéric Cournand;
Werner Forssmann;
Dickinson W. Richards
Juan Ramón JiménezNone
1957Chen Ning Yang;
Tsung-Dao Lee
The Lord ToddDaniel BovetAlbert CamusLester B. Pearson
1958Pavel Cherenkov;
Ilya Frank;
Igor Tamm
Frederick SangerGeorge Wells Beadle;
Edward Lawrie Tatum;
Joshua Lederberg
Boris Pasternak[c]Dominique Pire
1959Emilio G. Segrè;
Owen Chamberlain
Jaroslav HeyrovskýArthur Kornberg;
Severo Ochoa
Salvatore QuasimodoPhilip Noel-Baker
1960Donald A. GlaserWillard LibbyFrank Macfarlane Burnet;
Peter Medawar
Saint-John PerseAlbert Lutuli
1961Robert Hofstadter;
Rudolf Mössbauer
Melvin CalvinGeorg von BékésyIvo AndrićDag Hammarskjöld
1962Lev LandauMax Perutz;
John Kendrew
Francis Crick;
James D. Watson;
Maurice Wilkins
John SteinbeckLinus Pauling
1963Eugene Wigner;
Maria Goeppert-Mayer;
J. Hans D. Jensen
Karl Ziegler;
Giulio Natta
John Eccles;
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Andrew Huxley
Giorgos SeferisInternational Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross societies
1964Charles Hard Townes;
Nikolay Basov;
Alexander Prokhorov
Dorothy HodgkinKonrad Emil Bloch;
Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen
Jean-Paul Sartre[d]Martin Luther King, Jr.
1965Sin-Itiro Tomonaga;
Julian Schwinger;
Richard Feynman
Robert Burns WoodwardFrançois Jacob;
André Michel Lwoff;
Jacques Monod
Mikhail SholokhovUnited Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
1966Alfred KastlerRobert S. MullikenFrancis Peyton Rous;
Charles Brenton Huggins
Shmuel Yosef Agnon;
Nelly Sachs
None
1967Hans BetheManfred Eigen;
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish;
George Porter
Ragnar Granit;
Haldan Keffer Hartline;
George Wald
Miguel Ángel AsturiasNone
1968Luis Walter AlvarezLars OnsagerRobert W. Holley;
Har Gobind Khorana;
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Yasunari KawabataRené Cassin
1969Murray Gell-MannDerek Barton;
Odd Hassel
Max Delbrück;
Alfred Hershey;
Salvador Luria
Samuel BeckettInternational Labour OrganizationRagnar Frisch;
Jan Tinbergen
1970Hannes Alfvén;
Louis Néel
Luis Federico LeloirJulius Axelrod;
Ulf von Euler;
Bernard Katz
Aleksandr SolzhenitsynNorman BorlaugPaul Samuelson
1971Dennis GaborGerhard HerzbergEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.Pablo NerudaWilly BrandtSimon Kuznets
1972John Bardeen;
Leon Cooper;
John Robert Schrieffer
Christian B. Anfinsen;
Stanford Moore;
William Howard Stein
Gerald Edelman;
Rodney Robert Porter
Heinrich BöllNoneJohn Hicks;
Kenneth Arrow
1973Leo Esaki;
Ivar Giaever;
Brian David Josephson
Ernst Otto Fischer;
Geoffrey Wilkinson
Karl von Frisch;
Konrad Lorenz;
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Patrick WhiteHenry Kissinger;
Le Duc Tho[e]
Wassily Leontief
1974Martin Ryle;
Antony Hewish
Paul FloryAlbert Claude;
Christian de Duve;
George Emil Palade
Eyvind Johnson;
Harry Martinson
Seán MacBride;
Eisaku Satō
Gunnar Myrdal;
Friedrich Hayek
1975Aage Bohr;
Ben Roy Mottelson;
James Rainwater
John Cornforth;
Vladimir Prelog
David Baltimore;
Renato Dulbecco;
Howard Martin Temin
Eugenio MontaleAndrei SakharovLeonid Kantorovich;
Tjalling Koopmans
1976Burton Richter;
Samuel C. C. Ting
William LipscombBaruch Samuel Blumberg;
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
Saul BellowBetty Williams;
Mairead Maguire
Milton Friedman
1977Philip Warren Anderson;
Nevill Francis Mott;
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Ilya PrigogineRoger Guillemin;
Andrew Schally;
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
Vicente AleixandreAmnesty InternationalBertil Ohlin;
James Meade
1978Pyotr Kapitsa;
Arno Allan Penzias;
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Peter D. MitchellWerner Arber;
Daniel Nathans;
Hamilton O. Smith
Isaac Bashevis SingerAnwar Sadat;
Menachem Begin
Herbert A. Simon
1979Sheldon Lee Glashow;
Abdus Salam;
Steven Weinberg
Herbert C. Brown;
Georg Wittig
Allan McLeod Cormack;
Godfrey Hounsfield
Odysseas ElytisMother TeresaTheodore Schultz;
Arthur Lewis
1980James Cronin;
Val Logsdon Fitch
Paul Berg;
Walter Gilbert;
Frederick Sanger
Baruj Benacerraf;
Jean Dausset;
George Davis Snell
Czesław MiłoszAdolfo Pérez EsquivelLawrence Klein
1981Nicolaas Bloembergen;
Arthur Leonard Schawlow;
Kai Siegbahn
Kenichi Fukui;
Roald Hoffmann
Roger Wolcott Sperry;
David H. Hubel;
Torsten Wiesel
Elias CanettiUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesJames Tobin
1982Kenneth G. WilsonAaron KlugSune Bergström;
Bengt I. Samuelsson;
John Vane
Gabriel García MárquezAlva Myrdal;
Alfonso García Robles
George Stigler
1983Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
William Alfred Fowler
Henry TaubeBarbara McClintockWilliam GoldingLech WałęsaGérard Debreu
1984Carlo Rubbia;
Simon van der Meer
Robert Bruce MerrifieldNiels Kaj Jerne;
Georges J. F. Köhler;
César Milstein
Jaroslav SeifertDesmond TutuRichard Stone
1985Klaus von KlitzingHerbert A. Hauptman;
Jerome Karle
Michael Stuart Brown;
Joseph L. Goldstein
Claude SimonInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear WarFranco Modigliani
1986Ernst Ruska;
Gerd Binnig;
Heinrich Rohrer
Dudley R. Herschbach;
Yuan T. Lee;
John Polanyi
Stanley Cohen;
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Wole SoyinkaElie WieselJames M. Buchanan
1987Johannes Georg Bednorz;
Karl Alexander Müller
Donald J. Cram;
Jean-Marie Lehn;
Charles J. Pedersen
Susumu TonegawaJoseph BrodskyÓscar AriasRobert Solow
1988Leon M. Lederman;
Melvin Schwartz;
Jack Steinberger
Johann Deisenhofer;
Robert Huber;
Hartmut Michel
James W. Black;
Gertrude B. Elion;
George H. Hitchings
Naguib MahfouzUnited Nations Peace-Keeping ForcesMaurice Allais
1989Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;
Hans Georg Dehmelt;
Wolfgang Paul
Sidney Altman;
Thomas Cech
J. Michael Bishop;
Harold E. Varmus
Camilo José CelaTenzin Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama)Trygve Haavelmo
1990Jerome Isaac Friedman;
Henry Way Kendall;
Richard E. Taylor
Elias James CoreyJoseph Murray;
E. Donnall Thomas
Octavio PazMikhail GorbachevHarry Markowitz;
Merton Miller;
William F. Sharpe
1991Pierre-Gilles de GennesRichard R. ErnstErwin Neher;
Bert Sakmann
Nadine GordimerAung San Suu KyiRonald Coase
1992Georges CharpakRudolph A. MarcusEdmond H. Fischer;
Edwin G. Krebs
Derek WalcottRigoberta MenchúGary Becker
1993Russell Alan Hulse;
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
Kary Mullis;
Michael Smith
Richard J. Roberts;
Phillip Allen Sharp
Toni MorrisonNelson Mandela;
F. W. de Klerk
Robert Fogel;
Douglass North
1994Bertram Brockhouse;
Clifford Shull
George Andrew OlahAlfred G. Gilman;
Martin Rodbell
Kenzaburō ŌeYasser Arafat;
Shimon Peres;
Yitzhak Rabin
John Harsanyi;
John Forbes Nash, Jr.;
Reinhard Selten
1995Martin Lewis Perl;
Frederick Reines
Paul J. Crutzen;
Mario J. Molina;
Frank Sherwood Rowland
Edward B. Lewis;
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Eric F. Wieschaus
Seamus HeaneyJoseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Robert Lucas, Jr.
1996David Lee;
Douglas Osheroff;
Robert Coleman Richardson
Robert F. Curl Jr.;
Harry Kroto;
Richard Smalley
Peter C. Doherty;
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Wisława SzymborskaCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
José Ramos-Horta
James Mirrlees;
William Vickrey
1997Steven Chu;
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji;
William Daniel Phillips
Paul D. Boyer;
John E. Walker;
Jens Christian Skou
Stanley B. PrusinerDario FoInternational Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Jody Williams
Robert C. Merton;
Myron Scholes
1998Robert B. Laughlin;
Horst Ludwig Störmer;
Daniel C. Tsui
Walter Kohn;
John Pople
Robert F. Furchgott;
Louis Ignarro;
Ferid Murad
José SaramagoJohn Hume;
David Trimble
Amartya Sen
1999Gerard 't Hooft;
Martinus J. G. Veltman
Ahmed ZewailGünter BlobelGünter GrassMédecins Sans FrontièresRobert Mundell
2000Zhores Alferov;
Herbert Kroemer;
Jack Kilby
Alan J. Heeger;
Alan MacDiarmid;
Hideki Shirakawa
Arvid Carlsson;
Paul Greengard;
Eric Kandel
Gao XingjianKim Dae-jungJames Heckman;
Daniel McFadden
2001Eric Allin Cornell;
Wolfgang Ketterle;
Carl Wieman
William Standish Knowles;
Ryōji Noyori;
Karl Barry Sharpless
Leland H. Hartwell;
Tim Hunt;
Paul Nurse
V. S. NaipaulUnited Nations;
Kofi Annan
George Akerlof;
Michael Spence;
Joseph Stiglitz
2002Raymond Davis, Jr.;
Masatoshi Koshiba;
Riccardo Giacconi
John Fenn;
Koichi Tanaka;
Kurt Wüthrich
Sydney Brenner;
H. Robert Horvitz;
John Sulston
Imre KertészJimmy CarterDaniel Kahneman;
Vernon L. Smith
2003Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Vitaly Ginzburg;
Anthony James Leggett
Peter Agre;
Roderick MacKinnon
Paul Lauterbur;
Peter Mansfield
J. M. CoetzeeShirin EbadiRobert F. Engle;
Clive Granger
2004David Gross;
Hugh David Politzer;
Frank Wilczek
Aaron Ciechanover;
Avram Hershko;
Irwin Rose
Richard Axel;
Linda B. Buck
Elfriede JelinekWangari MaathaiFinn E. Kydland;
Edward C. Prescott
2005Roy J. Glauber;
John L. Hall;
Theodor W. Hänsch
Yves Chauvin;
Robert H. Grubbs;
Richard R. Schrock
Barry Marshall;
Robin Warren
Harold PinterInternational Atomic Energy Agency;
Mohamed ElBaradei
Robert Aumann;
Thomas Schelling
2006John C. Mather;
George Smoot
Roger D. KornbergAndrew Fire;
Craig Mello
Orhan PamukMuhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank
Edmund Phelps
2007Albert Fert;
Peter Grünberg
Gerhard ErtlMario Capecchi;
Martin Evans;
Oliver Smithies
Doris LessingIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Al Gore
Leonid Hurwicz;
Eric Maskin;
Roger Myerson
2008Yoichiro Nambu;
Makoto Kobayashi;
Toshihide Maskawa
Osamu Shimomura;
Martin Chalfie;
Roger Y. Tsien
Harald zur Hausen;
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Luc Montagnier
J. M. G. Le ClézioMartti AhtisaariPaul Krugman
2009Charles K. Kao;
Willard S. Boyle;
George E. Smith
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Thomas A. Steitz;
Ada Yonath
Elizabeth Blackburn;
Carol W. Greider;
Jack W. Szostak
Herta MüllerBarack ObamaElinor Ostrom;
Oliver E. Williamson
2010Andre Geim;
Konstantin Novoselov
Richard F. Heck;
Ei-ichi Negishi;
Akira Suzuki
Robert G. EdwardsMario Vargas LlosaLiu Xiaobo[f]Peter A. Diamond;
Dale T. Mortensen;
Christopher A. Pissarides
2011Saul Perlmutter;
Adam G. Riess;
Brian Schmidt
Dan ShechtmanBruce Beutler;
Jules A. Hoffmann;
Ralph M. Steinman
Tomas TranströmerEllen Johnson Sirleaf;
Leymah Gbowee;
Tawakel Karman
Thomas J. Sargent;
Christopher A. Sims
2012Serge Haroche;
David J. Wineland
Brian K. Kobilka;
Robert J. Lefkowitz
John B. Gurdon;
Shinya Yamanaka
Mo YanEuropean UnionAlvin E. Roth;
Lloyd S. Shapley
2013François Englert;
Peter W. Higgs
Martin Karplus;
Michael Levitt;
Arieh Warshel
James E. Rothman;
Randy W. Schekman;
Thomas C. Südhof
Alice MunroOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsEugene F. Fama;
Lars Peter Hansen;
Robert J. Shiller
2014Isamu Akasaki;
Hiroshi Amano;
Shuji Nakamura
Eric Betzig;
Stefan Hell;
William Moerner
John O'Keefe;
May-Britt Moser;
Edvard Moser
Patrick ModianoKailash Satyarthi;
Malala Yousafzai
Jean Tirole
2015Takaaki Kajita;
Arthur B. McDonald
Tomas Lindahl;
Paul L. Modrich;
Aziz Sancar
William C. Campbell;
Satoshi Ōmura;
Tu Youyou
Svetlana AlexievichTunisian National Dialogue QuartetAngus Deaton
2016David J. Thouless;
Duncan Haldane;
John M. Kosterlitz
Jean-Pierre Sauvage;
Fraser Stoddart;
Ben Feringa
Yoshinori OhsumiBob DylanJuan Manuel SantosOliver Hart;
Bengt R. Holmström
2017Rainer Weiss;
Barry Barish;
Kip Thorne
Jacques Dubochet;
Joachim Frank;
Richard Henderson
Jeffrey C. Hall;
Michael Rosbash;
Michael W. Young
Kazuo IshiguroInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear WeaponsRichard Thaler
2018Arthur Ashkin;
Gérard Mourou;
Donna Strickland
Frances H. Arnold;
George P. Smith;
Greg Winter
James P. Allison;
Tasuku Honjo
Olga Tokarczuk[g]Denis Mukwege;
Nadia Murad
William Nordhaus;
Paul Romer
2019James Peebles;
Michel Mayor;
Didier Queloz
John B. Goodenough;
M. Stanley Whittingham;
Akira Yoshino
William Kaelin Jr.;
Peter J. Ratcliffe;
Gregg L. Semenza
Peter HandkeAbiy AhmedAbhijit Banerjee;
Esther Duflo;
Michael Kremer
2020Roger Penrose;
Reinhard Genzel;
Andrea M. Ghez
Emmanuelle Charpentier;
Jennifer Doudna
Harvey J. Alter;
Michael Houghton;
Charles M. Rice
Louise GlückWorld Food ProgrammePaul R. Milgrom;
Robert B. Wilson
2021Syukuro Manabe;
Klaus Hasselmann;
Giorgio Parisi
Benjamin List;
David MacMillan
David Julius;
Ardem Patapoutian
Abdulrazak GurnahMaria Ressa;
Dmitry Muratov
David Card;
Joshua D. Angrist;
Guido W. Imbens

 

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