Q.No.8 The four-day war between India and Pakistan significantly altered the regional and global scenario. Examine its implications. (20) A short but intense India-Pakistan conflict would have far-reaching implications because both states are nuclear-armed and located in a highly sensitive region. Even a limited-duration war reshapes deterrence dynamics, regional alliances, economic stability, and global diplomatic…

Q.No.7 “Pakistan’s most serious threat is internal rather than external.” Critically analyze this statement in the light of political instability, economic fragility, and social polarization. The statement highlights an important dimension of Pakistan’s security discourse, where internal weaknesses increasingly shape national vulnerability. While external threats remain significant due to regional tensions, internal challenges have become…

Q.No.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber security, and digital governance are transforming global politics. What are the implications for Pakistan’s national security and economy? The rapid rise of Artificial Intelligence, cyber security challenges, and digital governance systems is reshaping global power structures. States are now competing not only in military and economic strength but also in…

Q.No.5 Critically examine the view that China is advancing while the United States is retreating in global politics. (20) The idea that China is advancing while the United States is retreating reflects the shifting balance of power in contemporary international relations. While China’s rise is evident in economic and geopolitical terms, the claim of US…

Q.No.4 Evaluate Pakistan’s role in regional organizations such as SAARC, ECO, and SCO. Why these organizations failed to emerge as European Union (EU)? (20) Pakistan has actively participated in several regional organizations including SAARC, ECO, and SCO. These platforms aim to enhance regional cooperation in trade, security, and development, but their effectiveness remains limited compared…

Q.No.3 Evaluate the impact of climate change on human security. How can developing countries like Pakistan mitigate and respond to the challenge at the global level? (20) Climate change has become one of the most serious threats to human security in the 21st century. It goes beyond environmental degradation and directly affects food, water, health,…

Q.No.2 What do you know about the causes of Russia-Ukraine conflict and analyze its consequences for European and global security. (20) The Russia–Ukraine conflict is one of the most significant geopolitical crises of the 21st century. It reflects deep historical tensions, security dilemmas, and competing geopolitical ambitions. Its causes are rooted in history, security architecture…

Q.No.1 Pakistan’s foreign policy is often described as reactive rather than proactive. Critically evaluate this statement with reference to relations with the U.S, China, and neighbouring states. (20) Pakistan’s foreign policy has often been characterized as largely reactive, meaning it tends to respond to external developments rather than shaping them in advance. However, this is…