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Q No. 8: Write short notes on any two of the following. (10 each) (20) (i) Pros and cons of food production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (ii) Implications of depopulation (iii) Role of China in evolving world order (i) Pros and Cons of Food Production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)…

Q No. 7: Conduct a critical analysis of the prospects of resolution of the Palestinian conflict with special reference to the UN Security Council’s recently approved US-drafted resolution for peace in Gaza. Can Pakistan play any role in this initiative? (20) Q.7 Critical Analysis: Prospects of Resolution of the Palestinian Conflict with Special Reference to…

Q No. 6: COP – the annual climate negotiation, Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is organized every year since 1995. What are the significant achievements of COPs in general and COP-30 in particular? (20) COP Climate Negotiations: Achievements of COPs in General and COP-30 in Particular The…

Q No. 5: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), once called “force multipliers”, are now having trust issues as public skepticism about the virtues and advantages of NGOs has dropped. Critically examine why NGOs’ space is shrinking in many parts of the world, with specific reference to Pakistan. (20) Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have historically played an important role…

Q No. 4: Critically appraise the following statement with relevant examples. Furthermore, draw relevant lessons and propose a way forward for Pakistan. “Natural resources, though desirable for the development of a country, can become a source of conflict and instability.” (20) Critical Appraisal: Natural Resources as a Source of Development, Conflict, and Instability Natural resources…

Q No. 3: “Brain drain threatens Pakistan’s ability to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030”. Write a comprehensive note on the causes and consequences of brain drain from Pakistan, focusing on its impact on achieving SDGs (you may choose any three SDGs for answering this question). (20) Brain drain refers to the large-scale…

Q No. 2: “Pakistan stands at a decisive turning point where climate shocks, rapid population growth, governance gaps, non-traditional security threats, and intense fiscal stress are converging to heighten national vulnerability.” Critically evaluate the above statement and propose policy measures for building a stable, secure, and disaster-resilient Pakistan. (20) Pakistan is currently experiencing a convergence…