International Law: Core Concepts Introduction International law is the body of rules and principles that governs relations among states and other actors recognized as having rights and obligations under international law. It provides frameworks for international cooperation, treaties, diplomacy, human rights, armed conflict, trade, territorial disputes and the peaceful settlement of disputes. International law differs…
Treaties, Conventions and International Agreements Introduction International agreements are among the principal instruments through which states create legal obligations and establish frameworks for international cooperation. The term treaty is often used broadly, but international legal instruments may have different names, forms and functions, including conventions, protocols, covenants, charters, agreements and memoranda of understanding. Core Terms…
Jurisdiction, Immunity and State Responsibility Introduction Jurisdiction concerns legal authority, immunity concerns protection from certain exercises of jurisdiction, and state responsibility concerns the legal consequences of internationally wrongful conduct. Together, these concepts are central to understanding international disputes, diplomatic relations, international courts and relations between states. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction: Legal authority to regulate conduct, adjudicate disputes…
International Humanitarian Law Introduction International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is the body of international law applicable during armed conflict. It seeks to limit the effects of war by protecting persons who are not, or are no longer, participating in hostilities and by restricting the means and methods of warfare. IHL is also commonly called the law…
International Courts and Tribunals Introduction International courts and tribunals provide legal mechanisms for resolving disputes, interpreting international law and, in some cases, determining individual criminal responsibility. They differ in jurisdiction, subject matter, legal basis, parties that may appear before them and the types of decisions they can issue. International Court of Justice International Court of…
Makki and Madani Surahs Quranic scholars classify Surahs and verses as Makki or Madani primarily according to the period in which they were revealed. The commonly used definition considers a revelation Makki if it was revealed before the Hijrah and Madani if it was revealed after the Hijrah, regardless of its physical location. 1 What…
Preservation of the Quran The preservation of the Quran is a central feature of Islamic history. During the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, verses were memorized and written by his companions. The tradition of memorization continued through successive generations, while written manuscripts provided another important means of preservation. 1 What does preservation of the Quran…
Compilation of the Quran The Quran was preserved during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ through memorization and writing. After his death, the need for a unified written compilation became particularly important. The first compilation into a collected manuscript was undertaken during the caliphate of Abu Bakr (RA), while the standardization of written copies and…
Revelation of the Quran The Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ over approximately 23 years. The first revelation came in the Cave of Hira through Angel Jibril (AS). Revelation continued during both the Makkan and Madinan periods of the Prophet’s mission. 1 What is the Arabic term for divine revelation? (a) Wahy (b) Fiqh…
Introduction to the Quran The Quran is the revealed book of Islam and the central source of Islamic guidance. Muslims believe it is the word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ through Angel Jibril (AS). It provides guidance concerning faith, worship, morality, social relations, law, and human conduct. 1 What is the Quran? (a)…
Globalization Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries, economies, societies and people across the world. It involves the expansion of cross-border flows of goods, services, capital, technology, information, culture and people. Globalization has transformed international relations by increasing the speed, scale and complexity of interactions among states and societies. 1. Meaning of…
Interdependence Interdependence refers to a situation in which states and societies depend on one another in ways that create mutual effects and vulnerabilities. In International Relations, interdependence is particularly important because modern states are connected through trade, finance, energy, technology, communication, migration, transportation and international institutions. Interdependence can create opportunities for cooperation while also creating…
Alliances and Coalitions Alliances and coalitions are arrangements through which states cooperate to pursue shared interests. They are important instruments of international security, diplomacy and strategic policy. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, an alliance generally refers to a more formal and durable security relationship, while a coalition is often more flexible and may…
Hegemony Hegemony refers to a situation in which one state or political actor possesses predominant influence within an international or regional system. Hegemonic influence may arise from military, economic, technological, diplomatic, institutional or cultural capabilities. Hegemony is related to power and dominance, but it does not necessarily mean direct control over other states. A hegemonic…
Polarity: Unipolarity, Bipolarity and Multipolarity Polarity refers to the distribution of power among the major actors in the international system. It is used to describe how many significant centres of power exist and how power is distributed among them. The three principal forms of polarity discussed in International Relations are unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity. Understanding…
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POSTS OF SECTION OFFICERS (B-17) CIVIL LAW MARKS: 150 JUNE 04, 2003 TIME: 03 HOURS NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q-1. What is an Inter-pleader suit? What are its necessary requirements? Q-2. Write a note on suits relating to mortgages of immovable…
Balochistan Public Service Commission Samungli Road, Quetta Cantt. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POST(S) OF BCS (EB) OFFICER B-17 CIVIL LAW Marks: 150 Tuesday, March 13, 2007 (02:30 PM) Time: 03 Hours Note: Attempt any Six questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q-1. Write a note on conception/ property not liable to attachment and sale in…
KHYBER PAKHTOON KHWA, PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POSTS OF PROVINCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE (BPS-17), 2016 STATISTICS Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100 NOTE: (i) Attempt any FIVE questions in all. All the questions carry equal marks. (ii) Statistical table may be provided on request. (iii) The use of calculator is ALLOWED. Q-1…
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POSTS OF PMS OFFICERS (BPS-17) PURE MATHEMATICS PAPER-II Time Allowed: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100 Instructions: Attempt three questions from Section A and two questions from Section B. SECTION A Q1. (a) Find (10) (i) limx→0+ xxx (ii) limx→π/2 (tan x)cos x (b) Is there…
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POST OF PMS-2022 PHYSICS (PAPER-II) Time Allowed: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100 Note: Attempt any FIVE complete questions. 1. (a) What is meant by “Point Charge”? Can earth, being a charged sphere, be considered a point charge? (05) (b) Define the term “flux” technically and scientifically….
