Pashto Verbs, Tenses, Aspect and Agreement English Section Introduction Verbs are among the most important elements of Pashto grammar. They express actions, events, states, and processes, and they help establish the relationship between the participants in a sentence. Pashto verbs can vary according to tense, aspect, person, number, mood, and grammatical construction. Some forms are…
Standard Pashto and Modern Language Development English Section Introduction Pashto is a major language of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with speakers also living in other countries. Like other living languages, Pashto has developed over centuries through oral traditions, literature, education, migration, contact with…
Pashto Nouns, Pronouns, Gender, Number and Case English Section Introduction Nouns and pronouns are fundamental parts of Pashto grammar. Nouns identify people, places, objects, and ideas, while pronouns refer to participants or things without always repeating their names. Gender, number, and case help express grammatical relationships and can influence the forms of words used in…
Pashto Grammar: Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure English Section Introduction Grammar describes the patterns that govern how words are formed, connected, and used in sentences. Pashto grammar includes the study of word classes, grammatical forms, agreement, and sentence structure. Understanding these features helps learners read Pashto accurately and communicate clearly. Grammar should not be…
Pashto Vocabulary, Word Formation and Loanwords English Section Introduction Vocabulary is the collection of words used in a language. Pashto vocabulary reflects the history, culture, environment, social life, literature, and intellectual experiences of its speakers. It includes inherited words, newly formed expressions, compounds, and words borrowed from other languages. Understanding word formation helps learners recognize…
Economic Sanctions Introduction Economic sanctions are restrictive measures imposed by states or international organizations to influence the behaviour of governments, organizations, businesses, or individuals. They may restrict trade, financial transactions, investment, access to technology, travel, or the use of specified assets. Sanctions are an important instrument of economic statecraft because they use economic relationships to…
Economic Warfare Introduction Economic warfare is the use of economic instruments to weaken an adversary’s capabilities, constrain its strategic options, or gain an advantage in a conflict. It may involve disrupting trade, restricting access to finance and technology, targeting critical supply chains, controlling strategic resources, or preventing an adversary from obtaining goods essential to its…
Energy Politics Introduction Energy politics concerns the relationship between energy resources, economic power, national security, foreign policy, and international relations. Oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, nuclear energy, and renewable energy are not merely commercial commodities. They are essential inputs for industrial production, transportation, agriculture, communications, and modern living standards. The location of energy resources, the…
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Introduction Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are two influential concepts in sociology developed by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies to explain different forms of social relationships and social organization. Gemeinschaft is commonly translated as community, while Gesellschaft is translated as society or association. Gemeinschaft emphasizes close, personal and enduring relationships based on kinship, shared…
Community, Association and Social Organization Introduction Community, association and social organization are important concepts in sociology because they explain how people live together, pursue common interests and establish relationships within society. Although these concepts are closely related, each has a distinct meaning. A community is a group of people connected through a shared locality, common…
Society: Types, Characteristics and Classifications Introduction Society is one of the most fundamental concepts in Sociology. It refers to the organized network of social relationships through which people interact, establish institutions, share or contest cultural meanings, and coordinate their collective lives. Societies differ in their economic activities, population patterns, technologies, political institutions, cultural traditions, and…
Sociological Imagination and the Sociological Perspective Introduction Sociological imagination is the ability to understand the relationship between individual experiences and the wider social conditions in which those experiences occur. It encourages people to look beyond personal explanations and investigate how institutions, history, culture, economic arrangements, and social inequalities influence everyday life. The concept is closely…
Social Relationships, Social Interaction and Social Processes Introduction Social relationships, social interaction, and social processes are fundamental concepts in Sociology. They explain how people connect with one another, how they interpret and respond to others, and how repeated interactions produce broader patterns of cooperation, competition, conflict, and social change. Human beings develop identities, learn cultural…
Rights of Parents – 50 MCQs Multiple-Choice Questions 1 What is an important right of parents in Islam? (a) To be treated with kindness and respect (b) To be obeyed in every matter, including wrongdoing (c) To be free from every form of accountability (d) None of these 2 Which Surah commands people to worship…
Rights of Children – 50 MCQs Multiple-Choice Questions 1 What is a fundamental responsibility of parents toward their children in Islam? (a) Protecting their welfare and upbringing (b) Ignoring their emotional needs (c) Treating them as property without rights (d) None of these 2 Which principle should guide the treatment of children? (a) Favoritism without…
Rights of Husband and Wife – 50 MCQs Multiple-Choice Questions 1 Which principle should guide the relationship between husband and wife in Islam? (a) Mutual kindness and respect (b) Constant domination (c) Deliberate humiliation (d) None of these 2 Which Surah contains the instruction to live with wives in kindness? (a) Surah Al-Fil (b) Surah…
Marriage in Islam – 50 MCQs Multiple-Choice Questions 1 What is marriage in Islam generally understood to be? (a) A serious commitment and lawful marital bond (b) A casual arrangement without obligations (c) A commercial contract for buying a spouse (d) None of these 2 Which Surah contains detailed Qur’anic guidance on marriage and family…
Family in Islam Multiple-Choice Questions 1 What is the family generally regarded as in Islamic society? (a) A basic social institution (b) A temporary business arrangement (c) A structure without moral responsibilities (d) None of these 2 Which principle is central to a healthy family life in Islam? (a) Selfishness (b) Mutual kindness and responsibility…
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Samungli Road, Quetta Cantt. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POST(s) OF BCS (EB) OFFICER B-17 / SECTION OFFICER B-17 POLITICAL SCIENCE Total Marks: 150 Friday, January 30, 2009 Time Allowed: 03 Hours Note: Attempt any Five questions. At least Two from each section. All questions carry equal marks. SECTION – A Q-1….
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION 2021 FOR RECRUITMENT TO THE POSTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER/SECTION OFFICER (B-17) IN THE SERVICES & GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT GENERAL PAPER IN PUSHTO Total Marks: 100 June 17, 2021 Time Allowed: 03 Hours NOTE: i Attempt all questions. ii All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted…
