FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2026
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
PHILOSOPHY
TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS
PART-I (MCQs) : MAXIMUM 30 MINUTES
(PART-I MCQs) MAXIMUM MARKS: 20
(PART-II) MAXIMUM MARKS: 80
NOTE: (i) First attempt PART-I (MCQs) on separate OMR Answer Sheet which shall be taken back
after 30 minutes.
(ii) Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.
(iii) There is no negative marking. All MCQs must be attempted.
PART-I (MCQs) (COMPULSORY)
Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20×1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.
1. According to ______ politics has to be obedient to morality.
(A) Russel
(B) Plato
(C) Aristotle
(D) None of these
2. Representative realism is also known as:
(A) Common sense realism
(B) Subjective idealism
(C) Transcendental subjectivism
(D) None of these
3. ______ has proposed the verification principle as the main idea of logical positivism.
(A) Berkeley
(B) Freire
(C) A.J. Ayer
(D) None of these
4. The nature of Greek philosophy is predominantly:
(A) Mythical
(B) Religious
(C) Speculative
(D) None of these
5. Das capital is the work of:
(A) John Rawls
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Voltaire
(D) None of these
6. Pragmatism is also known as instrumentalism.
(A) Rorty
(B) Dewey
(C) Putnam
(D) None of these
7. To be is to be perceived is a famous dictum of:
(A) Berkeley
(B) Kant
(C) Locke
(D) None of these
8. Al-Ghazali’s major work the revival of religious sciences focuses upon:
(A) Philosophy
(B) Religion
(C) Ethics
(D) All of these
9. ______ is known as the father of Islamic Neoplatonism.
(A) Al-Farabi
(B) Ibn Sina
(C) Ibn Khaldun
(D) None of these
10. Social contract theory is associated with:
(A) Rawls
(B) Rousseau
(C) Hobbes
(D) All of these
11. Ibn Khaldun’s conception of history is:
(A) Progressive
(B) Cyclical
(C) Scientific
(D) None of these
12. ______ believes that practice of anatomy enhanced one’s faith in God.
(A) Ibn Rushd
(B) Al-Ghazali
(C) Ibn Sina
(D) None of these
13. Birth of clinic is the work of:
(A) Nietzsche
(B) Foucault
(C) Nozick
(D) None of these
14. Bergson prefers ______ over intellect.
(A) Experience
(B) Revelation
(C) Intuition
(D) None of these
15. According to ______ is a pleasure-seeking animal.
(A) Anaximenes
(B) Democritus
(C) Plotinus
(D) None of these
16. ______ is best known for his theory of monads.
(A) Spinoza
(B) Leibniz
(C) Hume
(D) None of these
17. Mind-body dualism is the theory of:
(A) Kant
(B) Descartes
(C) Hobbes
(D) None of these
18. According to ______ knowledge is sense experience elaborated by understanding.
(A) Iqbal
(B) Ibn Khaldun
(C) Sir Syed
(D) None of these
19. Nihilism is a philosophy of:
(A) Lyotard
(B) Nietzsche
(C) Popper
(D) None of these
20. The term open society is coined by:
(A) Russell
(B) Bergson
(C) Gadamer
(D) None of these
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PART-II
NOTE: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.
Q. No. 2: Critically analyze the emergence and development of Sociology, emphasizing the transformative role of the Industrial and French Revolutions. Evaluate how these historical contexts influenced the scientific study of society and the formation of key sociological perspectives.
Q. No. 3: Evaluate culture as a system of meanings embedded in social power structures. Discuss the elements of culture and assess how cultural lag and cultural relativism simultaneously facilitate social adaptation and generate moral conflicts in contemporary societies.
Q. No. 4: Analyze the transformation of Pakistani society from a traditional agrarian structure to a semi-industrial and post-industrial model. Highlight contradictions and structural challenges.
Q. No. 5: Explain the role of family and education as agents of social control in Pakistan. How have globalization and digital media altered their traditional functions?
Q. No. 6: Examine deviance and crime using classical and contemporary sociological theories such as Durkheim’s Anomie, Merton’s Strain Theory, and Labeling Theory. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of formal and informal social control mechanisms in regulating deviant behavior, considering applied contexts like cybercrime, youth delinquency, and social inequality.
Q. No. 7: Define collective behavior and public opinion, and critically assess their dynamics in modern societies. Discuss how phenomena such as crowds, mobs, rumors, social movements, and mass media shape public perception and social action.
Q. No. 8: Discuss the major factors driving social and cultural change, including technological, demographic, educational, and economic forces. Critically analyze how globalization has transformed cultural practices, social norms, and identities in Pakistan, with applied examples.
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