Essay 1: Mediocrity Galore Destroys the Genius 1 Introduction Human history is often narrated through the achievements of extraordinary individuals whose ideas, courage, and creativity changed the course of civilizations. From scientific revolutions to political transformations, progress has repeatedly depended on those rare minds that rise above convention. However, history also reveals a persistent and…
Essay: Nations have no permanent friends and enemies; they have only permanent interest Outline Introduction Meaning and Context of the Statement Foundations in Realist Theory of International Relations Historical Evidence Supporting the Statement 4.1 Shifting Alliances in World Wars 4.2 Cold War Realignments 4.3 Contemporary Global Politics National Interest as the Core of Foreign Policy…
Essay: Politicisation of Sports – A New Challenge Outline Introduction Meaning of Politicisation of Sports Historical Background of Sports and Politics Dimensions of Politicisation of Sports 4.1 Nationalism and Identity Politics 4.2 Diplomatic Boycotts and International Relations 4.3 Commercialisation and Political Influence 4.4 Media and Ideological Narratives 4.5 Sports Governance and Institutional Control Positive Aspects…
Essay: Countering the Growing Menace of Beggary Outline Introduction Understanding Beggary as a Social Problem Causes of Rising Beggary 3.1 Poverty and Unemployment 3.2 Rapid Urbanization 3.3 Weak Social Welfare Systems 3.4 Lack of Education and Skills 3.5 Exploitation Networks and Organized Begging 3.6 Disability, Illness, and Social Exclusion Impacts of Beggary on Society 4.1…
Essay: Revitalising the Agriculture Sector of Pakistan Outline Introduction Importance of Agriculture in Pakistan’s Economy Current State of Agriculture Sector Major Challenges Facing Agriculture in Pakistan 4.1 Water Scarcity and Irrigation Inefficiency 4.2 Low Productivity and Traditional Farming Methods 4.3 Climate Change and Environmental Stress 4.4 Land Fragmentation and Tenure Issues 4.5 Lack of Modern…
Essay: There is Nothing So Likely to Produce Peace as to Be Well Prepared to Meet an Enemy Outline Introduction Meaning and Context of the Statement The Concept of Peace Through Strength Historical Evidence Supporting the Argument 4.1 Classical and Pre Modern Examples 4.2 Cold War Deterrence 4.3 Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia Theoretical Perspectives…
Essay: The One Who Controls the Sea, Rules the World Outline Introduction Historical Significance of Maritime Power Theoretical Foundations of Sea Power 3.1 Mahan’s Theory of Sea Power 3.2 Modern Maritime Strategy Oceans as the Lifeline of Global Power 4.1 Trade and Economic Dominance 4.2 Energy Security and Sea Lanes 4.3 Military and Strategic Projection…
Essay: Emerging Multipolar World Order: Opportunities and Risks for Pakistan Outline Introduction Meaning and Nature of Multipolar World Order Transition from Unipolarity to Multipolarity Key Drivers of Emerging Multipolarity 4.1 Rise of China 4.2 Resurgence of Russia 4.3 Growing Influence of Middle Powers 4.4 Economic Shifts toward Asia Opportunities for Pakistan in a Multipolar World…
Cyber Security as the New National Security Frontier Outline Introduction Understanding Cyber Security in the Modern Age Evolution of Security Paradigm from Traditional to Cyber Domain Cyber Security as a National Security Frontier 4.1 Protection of Critical Infrastructure 4.2 Economic Security and Digital Finance 4.3 Military and Strategic Dimension 4.4 Information Warfare and Hybrid Threats…
Local Government System: The Missing Link in Pakistan’s Governance Structure Outline Introduction Concept and Importance of Local Government Constitutional and Historical Background in Pakistan Local Government System as a Missing Link 4.1 Weak Devolution of Power 4.2 Administrative Centralization 4.3 Fiscal Constraints 4.4 Political Interference 4.5 Institutional Fragmentation Impacts of Weak Local Government System 5.1…
1 Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or a Demographic Bomb? Outline Introduction Understanding Youth Bulge Global Context of Youth Demographics Youth Bulge as a Demographic Dividend 4.1 Economic Growth Potential 4.2 Innovation and Digital Transformation 4.3 Labour Force Expansion Youth Bulge as a Demographic Bomb 5.1 Unemployment and Underemployment 5.2 Political Instability and Radicalization 5.3…
Q.8: Discuss the Reasons for Environmental Degradation in Pakistan and Suggest Remedial Measures for Sustainable Environmental Rehabilitation. (20) 1. Introduction Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the natural environment through the depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution of air, water, and land. Pakistan is currently facing severe environmental challenges including air pollution,…
Q.7: Discuss the Prospects of Peace in South Asia with Reference to the Kashmir Conflict and the Nuclear Arms Race Between India and Pakistan. (20) 1. Introduction South Asia remains one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world, primarily due to the longstanding dispute over Jammu and Kashmir and the nuclearization of India and…
Q.6: Discuss the Emergence of SCO and BRICS as a Challenge to American Politico-Economic Dominance in World Politics. What Measures Can Be Taken by the US to Counter Them? (20) 1. Introduction The contemporary global order is increasingly shifting from unipolarity, dominated by the United States, toward a more multipolar structure. In this evolving landscape,…
Q.5: Discuss the Major Contours of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and Discuss the Prospects of Its Success/Failure with Reference to the India–United States Strategic Partnership. (20) 1. Introduction The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime is a global framework designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote peaceful use of nuclear energy, and advance nuclear disarmament. It…
Q.4: Discuss the Contours of Pakistan’s Strategic Relations with India and Afghanistan in Detail. Do You Foresee Any Serious Challenges from These Neighbors in the Near Future? Explain Your Opinion with Scholarly Evidence. (20) 1. Introduction Pakistan’s strategic environment is largely defined by its two immediate neighbors, India in the east and Afghanistan in the…
Q.3: Discuss in Detail the Reasons for the Fragility of the Economic Stability of Pakistan and Suggest Pragmatic Remedial Measures for Ensuring Smooth and Sustainable Economic Growth. (20) 1. Introduction Economic stability is the foundation of sustainable development, social welfare, and national security. A stable economy is characterized by steady growth, low inflation, manageable debt…
Q.2: What Do You Know About Ethnicity in Pakistan? Do You Think Its Emergence Is a Serious Threat to the National Integration of Pakistan? Explain Your Opinion with Reference to Various Scholarly Evidence and Suggest Your Recommendations to Deal with It. (20) 1. Introduction Pakistan is a multi-ethnic and multicultural federation comprising diverse linguistic, cultural,…
Q No. 8: Write short notes on any two of the following. (10 each) (20) (i) Pros and cons of food production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (ii) Implications of depopulation (iii) Role of China in evolving world order (i) Pros and Cons of Food Production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)…
Q No. 7: Conduct a critical analysis of the prospects of resolution of the Palestinian conflict with special reference to the UN Security Council’s recently approved US-drafted resolution for peace in Gaza. Can Pakistan play any role in this initiative? (20) Q.7 Critical Analysis: Prospects of Resolution of the Palestinian Conflict with Special Reference to…