Botany
Total Marks – 200
Paper II
Marks – 100
1. Plant physiology: Plant water relations, osmotic quantities, absorptions, transpiration, role of essential mineral elements, their uptake and distribution, growth and development, plant hormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, Dormancy and Seed germination. Biochemistry of carbohydrates, proteins and fats with reference to plants. Enzymes, plant pigments, photophosphorylation, path of carbon in photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation (respiration), nitrogen and fat metabolism
2. Ecology: Influence of climatic, edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth, Sampling techniques, Major formations in relation to climatic zones, Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, Ecological energetics, efficiency, pyramids, food chains and trophic levels
3. salinity and water logging in Pakistan, causes, reclamation, soil erosion, methods of control and conservation, pollution and conservation of natural resources
4. Cytology: Detailed study of ultra structure of cell. Mitosis and meiosis. Significance of meiosis
5. Genetics:
(a) Mendelian Genetics, Linkage, Crossing over, sex linked genes, lethals, balanced lethals, mutation, polyploidy
(b) Biochemical Genetics: Bi-chemical nature of hereditary material, genetic code, Fine Structure of gene, transduction and transformation
6. Evolution: Theories of evolution, Neo-Darwinism, Neo-Lamarckism, Adaptive Mutations