BoK General Science

Scientific Reasoning, Evidence and Critical Thinking 1. Introduction Scientific reasoning is the logical process through which observations, evidence and established knowledge are used to develop, evaluate and improve explanations. Critical thinking is the disciplined examination of information, arguments and conclusions to determine whether they are logical, relevant and adequately supported. Both are essential to scientific…

Hypotheses, Scientific Theories, Laws and Models 1. Introduction Scientific knowledge is organized through concepts, hypotheses, theories, laws and models. These terms describe different elements of scientific reasoning and explanation. They are frequently confused in everyday language. In science, however, each has a distinct meaning. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction that can be…

Scientific Method, Observation and Experimentation 1. Introduction The scientific method is a systematic approach used to investigate questions, examine natural phenomena, test explanations and develop reliable knowledge. It provides a framework for collecting evidence and evaluating whether an explanation is supported by observations and experimental results. Scientific research does not always follow one rigid sequence….

Major Branches and Disciplines of Science 1. Introduction Science covers an enormous range of subjects, from the structure of atoms to the behavior of galaxies and from microorganisms to complex ecosystems. To organize scientific knowledge and make specialized investigation possible, science is divided into several major branches and disciplines. These branches are interconnected. Physics contributes…

Nature, Meaning and Scope of Science 1. Introduction Science is one of the most important intellectual achievements of humanity. It provides a systematic way of understanding the natural world, investigating phenomena, explaining events and developing solutions to practical problems. From understanding the structure of an atom to exploring distant galaxies, science enables human beings to…