Past Papers Balochistan PCS English Literature
Commonwealth of Nations 1. Introduction The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, most of which were formerly part of the British Empire. It represents a unique global partnership built on shared history, language, legal traditions, and common values such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Today, it…
Introduction Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), is an intergovernmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey for the purpose of promoting economic, technical and cultural cooperation among the Member States. ECO is the successor organization of Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) which remained in existence since 1964 up to 1979. In 1992, the…
Introduction United Nations (UN), international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in New…
Unemployment 1 Introduction Unemployment is one of the most important economic and social issues of the modern world. It represents the underutilization of human resources and occurs when people who are available for work and seeking employment cannot find suitable jobs. The consequences extend far beyond loss of income. Persistent unemployment can contribute to poverty,…
Millennium Development Goals In September 2000, the United Nations adopted a United Nations Millennium Declaration chalking out 8 time-bound targets with a deadline of 2015 known as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Eight Millennium Development Goals are: 1 to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2 to achieve universal primary education; 3 to promote gender equality…
OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation Introduction The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest inter-governmental organisation after the United Nations, with the membership of 57 states, covering four continents. The organization states that it is “the collective voice of the Muslim world” and works to “safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim…
Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. WTO agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The primary purpose of the WTO is to open trade for the benefit of all which aims to…
Introduction The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization of the countries of South Asia. The 8 member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world’s area and 21% of the world’s population. SAARC was founded in Dhaka, Bangladesh on…
Introduction The Kurdish issue has long haunted the Middle East, reflecting the complex regional ethnic conflicts that has given rise to the Kurdish resistance and independence movement. Kurds Ethnicity Kurd are an Iranian ethnic and linguistic group living in the Taurus Mountains of southeastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains of western Iran, portions of northern…