International Political Economy: Meaning and Scope 1. Introduction International Political Economy (IPE) is a major field of study that examines the relationship between politics and economics at the international level. It explores how states, markets, international institutions, businesses, and social groups influence the production, distribution, and use of wealth across borders. International politics and economics…
Global Governance and the Future of Multilateralism 1. Introduction Global governance refers to the rules, institutions, processes, and cooperative arrangements through which states and non-state actors address problems that cross national borders. It includes formal international organizations, treaties, diplomatic negotiations, regional institutions, public-private partnerships, and informal networks. Global governance is not the same as world…
Reform of Global Institutions 1. Introduction Global institutions are organizations and institutional frameworks that facilitate cooperation among states on issues affecting the international community. They include the United Nations, international financial institutions, the World Trade Organization, regional organizations, and specialized agencies. These institutions were developed to manage collective problems, establish rules, coordinate policies, and reduce…
International Sanctions 1. Introduction International sanctions are restrictive measures imposed by states or international organizations to influence the behaviour of governments, entities, or individuals. They may respond to threats to international peace and security, serious violations of international law, human rights abuses, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, or other policy concerns. Sanctions can restrict financial transactions, trade,…
International Environmental Law 1. Introduction International environmental law is the body of international rules, principles, treaties, and institutions that addresses environmental protection and the management of shared natural resources. It seeks to prevent environmental harm, promote cooperation among states, conserve biodiversity, control pollution, and support sustainable development. Environmental problems frequently cross national borders. Air pollution…
International Refugee Law 1. Introduction International refugee law is the body of international rules that protects people who are forced to leave their countries because of persecution and other circumstances recognized by applicable legal instruments. It establishes standards for refugee status, protection against return to serious danger, access to basic rights, and cooperation between states….
Islamic Legal Principles 1 What is the Arabic term for the general maxims used to summarize recurring principles of Islamic law? (a) Qawa’id fiqhiyyah (b) Tajwid (c) Sirah (d) None of these 2 Which maxim is commonly translated as “Actions are judged by intentions”? (a) Al-yaqin la yazulu bi al-shakk (b) Al-umur bi maqasidiha (c)…
Maqasid al-Shariah 1 What does Maqasid al-Shariah mean? (a) Rules of Arabic grammar (b) Principles of historical chronology (c) Objectives or higher purposes of Islamic law (d) None of these 2 Which scholar is particularly associated with the systematic development of Maqasid theory? (a) Imam al-Shatibi (b) Ibn Battuta (c) Al-Khwarizmi (d) None of these…
Hanbali School 1 Who founded the Hanbali School? (a) Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (b) Imam Malik ibn Anas (c) Imam al-Shafi’i (d) None of these 2 Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal was especially renowned as a scholar of what? (a) Roman law (b) Hadith (c) Greek drama (d) None of these 3 Which major hadith collection…
Shafi’i School 1 Who founded the Shafi’i School of Islamic jurisprudence? (a) Imam Malik ibn Anas (b) Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (c) Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’i (d) None of these 2 Which work is closely associated with Imam al-Shafi’i’s legal theory? (a) Al-Risalah (b) Al-Muwatta as his own authored work (c) Sahih Muslim (d)…
Maliki School 1 What is the Maliki School primarily concerned with? (a) Islamic jurisprudence (b) Astronomy (c) Medicine (d) None of these 2 Who founded the Maliki School? (a) Imam Abu Hanifa (b) Imam Malik ibn Anas (c) Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d) None of these 3 In which city did Imam Malik primarily teach?…
Technology Competition and Semiconductor Geopolitics Introduction Technology competition refers to rivalry among states, companies, and other actors to develop, control, and deploy technologies that provide economic, strategic, or military advantages. Semiconductor geopolitics concerns the relationship between the production, distribution, and control of semiconductors and the international distribution of power. Semiconductors, commonly called chips, are essential…
Digital Governance and Digital Sovereignty Introduction Digital governance refers to the laws, institutions, policies, standards, and decision-making processes that shape the development and use of digital technologies. It includes data protection, online platforms, digital identity, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, electronic commerce, telecommunications, and access to digital public services. Digital sovereignty refers to the capacity of a…
Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Introduction Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems, networks, software, and digital information against unauthorized access, disruption, manipulation, theft, and destruction. Cyber warfare refers to hostile cyber operations associated with armed conflict or strategic competition between states or other organized actors. As governments, economies, military institutions, and essential services become…
Artificial Intelligence and Global Affairs Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems designed to perform tasks that commonly require human cognitive abilities, such as learning, reasoning, prediction, language processing, perception, and decision support. Advances in machine learning, generative AI, robotics, and autonomous systems are transforming economies, governments, security institutions, and international relations. AI has…
Biodiversity and Global Environmental Governance Introduction Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It encompasses plants, animals, microorganisms, genetic variation, and the ecological systems in which living organisms interact. Biodiversity is essential to food production, medicine, clean water, climate regulation, soil fertility, and the…
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION 2021 FOR RECRUITMENT TO THE POSTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER/SECTION OFFICER (B-17) IN THE SERVICES & GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Total Marks: 150 July 2, 2021 Time Allowed: 03 Hours NOTE: i Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. ii All the parts (if any) of each…
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Samungli Road, Quetta Cantt. COMBINED COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POSTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER (B-17)/ SECTION OFFICER (B-17) IN THE S & GA DEPARTMENT ISLAMIC HISTORY – II Total Marks: 100 December 05, 2016 Time Allowed: 03 Hours NOTE: Do any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q-1. Critically evaluate the…
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Samungli Road, Quetta Cantt. COMBINED COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR THE POSTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER (B-17) / SECTION OFFICERS (B-17) IN THE S&GAD DEPARTMENT ISLAMIC HISTORY (PERIOD – I) Total Marks: 100 November 29, 2016 Time Allowed: 03 Hours Note: Attempt any Five questions. Question No.1 is Compulsory. All questions carry equal marks….
BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION 2021 FOR RECRUITMENT TO THE POSTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER/SECTION OFFICER (B-17) IN THE SERVICES & GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT ISLAMIC & PAKISTAN STUDIES Total Marks: 100 June 23, 2021 Time Allowed: 03 Hours NOTE: i Q No 1 is compulsory. Attempt 2 questions each from Part-I & II. ii All…