Pashto Idioms, Proverbs and Common Expressions English Introduction Pashto idioms, proverbs, and common expressions are important elements of the language’s vocabulary and cultural heritage. They communicate experience, humour, criticism, advice, and moral lessons in compact and memorable forms. Although these forms overlap, they serve different functions. An idiom usually has a figurative meaning that cannot…
Origins and Early History of Pashto Literature English Introduction The history of Pashto literature is closely connected with the development of the Pashto language, the oral traditions of Pashtun communities, religious and intellectual movements, and the growth of written culture in the region. Its history cannot be reduced to a single date or one author…
Oral Traditions and Early Written Literature English Introduction Pashto literary history developed through the interaction of oral expression and written composition. Oral traditions preserved poetry, stories, collective memory, and social values, while written literature made it possible to record, circulate, study, and preserve ideas in more durable forms. These traditions should not be treated as…
Just War Theory 1. Introduction Just War Theory is one of the most influential ethical frameworks for examining the use of armed force. It asks whether going to war can ever be morally justified and, if war occurs, what limits should govern the conduct of those fighting it. The theory occupies an important position at…
Nature of Armed Conflict 1. Introduction Armed conflict is a central subject of International Relations, Strategic Studies, international humanitarian law, and security studies. It encompasses a range of organized violence, from conventional wars between states to civil wars, insurgencies, proxy wars, and conflicts involving non-state armed groups. The nature of armed conflict has evolved with…
Causes of War 1. Introduction War is one of the most consequential features of international politics. It has shaped the rise and decline of states, redrawn political boundaries, transformed economies, and influenced the development of international law and institutions. Despite advances in diplomacy, international organizations, economic interdependence, and collective security, war remains a major instrument…
Global Inequality and the Future of the World Economy Introduction Global inequality refers to differences in income, wealth, economic opportunities, living standards, and access to resources among individuals, social groups, and countries across the world. It is a central issue in International Political Economy because the benefits and costs of globalization, trade, technological change, financial…
Dollar Dominance and Global Finance Introduction The United States dollar occupies a central position in the international monetary and financial system. It is widely used in international trade, foreign exchange markets, cross-border lending, financial investments, and the official reserves held by central banks. Many commodities, including oil, are commonly priced or traded in dollars, while…
Equality and Brotherhood: 50 MCQs 1 What does Islam teach about the common origin of humanity? (a) All people belong to unrelated species (b) Humanity has a common origin (c) Only one ethnic group descends from Adam (d) None of these 2 According to the Quran, what is the most important measure of honor before…
Islamic Concept of Human Rights: 50 MCQs 1 What is the primary source of Islamic teachings on human rights? (a) Tribal customs alone (b) The Quran and Sunnah (c) Modern political parties (d) None of these 2 Which concept emphasizes the dignity of human beings in Islam? (a) Human dignity (b) Tribal superiority (c) Wealth…
Orphans and Vulnerable Groups: 50 MCQs 1 Who is generally considered an orphan in Islamic legal and social discussions? (a) A person who has lost a parent but whose parents are both alive (b) A child who has lost their father before reaching maturity (c) Every adult living alone (d) None of these 2 Which…
Rights of Neighbors: 50 MCQs 1 Which Islamic value is central to the treatment of neighbors? (a) Kindness and consideration (b) Indifference (c) Rivalry (d) None of these 2 Which Quranic chapter explicitly mentions kindness to neighbors? (a) Al-Fil (b) An-Nisa (c) Al-Ikhlas (d) None of these 3 In the Quran, kindness to neighbors is…
Status of Women in Islam: 50 MCQs 1 What is the fundamental spiritual status of men and women in Islam? (a) Both are accountable to Allah (b) Only men are spiritually accountable (c) Only women are spiritually accountable (d) None of these 2 According to the Quran, what determines a person’s honor before Allah? (a)…
Pashto Verbs, Tenses, Aspect and Agreement English Section Introduction Verbs are among the most important elements of Pashto grammar. They express actions, events, states, and processes, and they help establish the relationship between the participants in a sentence. Pashto verbs can vary according to tense, aspect, person, number, mood, and grammatical construction. Some forms are…
Standard Pashto and Modern Language Development English Section Introduction Pashto is a major language of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with speakers also living in other countries. Like other living languages, Pashto has developed over centuries through oral traditions, literature, education, migration, contact with…
Pashto Nouns, Pronouns, Gender, Number and Case English Section Introduction Nouns and pronouns are fundamental parts of Pashto grammar. Nouns identify people, places, objects, and ideas, while pronouns refer to participants or things without always repeating their names. Gender, number, and case help express grammatical relationships and can influence the forms of words used in…
Pashto Grammar: Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure English Section Introduction Grammar describes the patterns that govern how words are formed, connected, and used in sentences. Pashto grammar includes the study of word classes, grammatical forms, agreement, and sentence structure. Understanding these features helps learners read Pashto accurately and communicate clearly. Grammar should not be…
Pashto Vocabulary, Word Formation and Loanwords English Section Introduction Vocabulary is the collection of words used in a language. Pashto vocabulary reflects the history, culture, environment, social life, literature, and intellectual experiences of its speakers. It includes inherited words, newly formed expressions, compounds, and words borrowed from other languages. Understanding word formation helps learners recognize…
Economic Sanctions Introduction Economic sanctions are restrictive measures imposed by states or international organizations to influence the behaviour of governments, organizations, businesses, or individuals. They may restrict trade, financial transactions, investment, access to technology, travel, or the use of specified assets. Sanctions are an important instrument of economic statecraft because they use economic relationships to…
Economic Warfare Introduction Economic warfare is the use of economic instruments to weaken an adversary’s capabilities, constrain its strategic options, or gain an advantage in a conflict. It may involve disrupting trade, restricting access to finance and technology, targeting critical supply chains, controlling strategic resources, or preventing an adversary from obtaining goods essential to its…