Q.8: Discuss the Reasons for Environmental Degradation in Pakistan and Suggest Remedial Measures for Sustainable Environmental Rehabilitation. (20) 1. Introduction Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the natural environment through the depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution of air, water, and land. Pakistan is currently facing severe environmental challenges including air pollution,…

Q.7: Discuss the Prospects of Peace in South Asia with Reference to the Kashmir Conflict and the Nuclear Arms Race Between India and Pakistan. (20) 1. Introduction South Asia remains one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world, primarily due to the longstanding dispute over Jammu and Kashmir and the nuclearization of India and…

Q.6: Discuss the Emergence of SCO and BRICS as a Challenge to American Politico-Economic Dominance in World Politics. What Measures Can Be Taken by the US to Counter Them? (20) 1. Introduction The contemporary global order is increasingly shifting from unipolarity, dominated by the United States, toward a more multipolar structure. In this evolving landscape,…

Q.5: Discuss the Major Contours of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and Discuss the Prospects of Its Success/Failure with Reference to the India–United States Strategic Partnership. (20) 1. Introduction The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime is a global framework designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote peaceful use of nuclear energy, and advance nuclear disarmament. It…

Q.4: Discuss the Contours of Pakistan’s Strategic Relations with India and Afghanistan in Detail. Do You Foresee Any Serious Challenges from These Neighbors in the Near Future? Explain Your Opinion with Scholarly Evidence. (20) 1. Introduction Pakistan’s strategic environment is largely defined by its two immediate neighbors, India in the east and Afghanistan in the…

Q.3: Discuss in Detail the Reasons for the Fragility of the Economic Stability of Pakistan and Suggest Pragmatic Remedial Measures for Ensuring Smooth and Sustainable Economic Growth. (20) 1. Introduction Economic stability is the foundation of sustainable development, social welfare, and national security. A stable economy is characterized by steady growth, low inflation, manageable debt…

Q.2: What Do You Know About Ethnicity in Pakistan? Do You Think Its Emergence Is a Serious Threat to the National Integration of Pakistan? Explain Your Opinion with Reference to Various Scholarly Evidence and Suggest Your Recommendations to Deal with It. (20) 1. Introduction Pakistan is a multi-ethnic and multicultural federation comprising diverse linguistic, cultural,…

Q No. 8: Write short notes on any two of the following. (10 each) (20) (i) Pros and cons of food production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (ii) Implications of depopulation (iii) Role of China in evolving world order (i) Pros and Cons of Food Production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)…

Q No. 7: Conduct a critical analysis of the prospects of resolution of the Palestinian conflict with special reference to the UN Security Council’s recently approved US-drafted resolution for peace in Gaza. Can Pakistan play any role in this initiative? (20) Q.7 Critical Analysis: Prospects of Resolution of the Palestinian Conflict with Special Reference to…

Q No. 6: COP – the annual climate negotiation, Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is organized every year since 1995. What are the significant achievements of COPs in general and COP-30 in particular? (20) COP Climate Negotiations: Achievements of COPs in General and COP-30 in Particular The…

Q No. 5: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), once called “force multipliers”, are now having trust issues as public skepticism about the virtues and advantages of NGOs has dropped. Critically examine why NGOs’ space is shrinking in many parts of the world, with specific reference to Pakistan. (20) Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have historically played an important role…

Q No. 4: Critically appraise the following statement with relevant examples. Furthermore, draw relevant lessons and propose a way forward for Pakistan. “Natural resources, though desirable for the development of a country, can become a source of conflict and instability.” (20) Critical Appraisal: Natural Resources as a Source of Development, Conflict, and Instability Natural resources…

Q No. 3: “Brain drain threatens Pakistan’s ability to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030”. Write a comprehensive note on the causes and consequences of brain drain from Pakistan, focusing on its impact on achieving SDGs (you may choose any three SDGs for answering this question). (20) Brain drain refers to the large-scale…

Q No. 2: “Pakistan stands at a decisive turning point where climate shocks, rapid population growth, governance gaps, non-traditional security threats, and intense fiscal stress are converging to heighten national vulnerability.” Critically evaluate the above statement and propose policy measures for building a stable, secure, and disaster-resilient Pakistan. (20) Pakistan is currently experiencing a convergence…