Philosophy (100 Marks)
I. Introduction: Definition, Nature and Scope of Philosophy
II. Philosophical Methods: Socratic Method (Socrates); Inductive Method (Bacon, Mill); Deductive Method (Aristotle, Descartes); Dialectical Method (Hegel); Fallibilistic Method (Popper)
III. Epistemology: Rationalism (Plato, Descartes, Spinoza); Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume); Transcendentalism (Kant); Intuitionism (Bergsonl)
IV. Ontology: Idealism (Plato, Berkeley); Representative Realism (Locke); Materialism (Marx)
V. Muslim Thinkers: Allama Iqbal., Imam Ghazali, Al-Farabi, Ibn-e- Sina, Ibn-eKhaldun, Ibn-e-Rushid, Shah Wali Ullah
VI. Ethics: What is morality? The challenge of cultural relativism: Does morality depend on religion. Psychological and ethical egoism: Virtue Ethics (Aristotle), Moral Absolutism (Kant), Utilitarianism (Mill), Social Contract Theory.
VII. Contemporary Philosophical Movements: Existentialism (Heidegger, Sartre); Pragmatism (Peirce, James, Dewey); Neopragmatism (Rorty); Postmodernism (Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida)